Chapter 5 Equations

Return to Chapter 5 notes

Summary of equations

IMPORTANT NOTE:  These equations are NOT laws of nature.  They truly apply ONLY to the formal models in which they are derived, and which without exception depend on simplistic and unrealistic assumptions.  This is a general problem with formal models.  In the words of Albert Einstein, "In so far as the propositions of mathematics apply to [physical] reality they are not certain, and in so far as they are [formally] certain they do not apply to reality."